Does the expedition in chapter 7 hold any significance in our time?
The expedition discovered the Ichthyornis dispar and a larger Hesperornis solidified the that were was once a link between reptiles and birds.
It also proved that Darwin's theory of evolution further. It showed the horse began as a small three toed or five toed horse and then evolved into the current horse with hooves. It became the basis for evolution and helped us discover relationships between several different species.



How does it compare to the research that was done in the article?

The research in the article was done to improve the knowledge of the local plants and to help how much we need plants. Also it was done to help people gain ,plants knowledge of plants and ability to identity the types of plants and their uses. The expedition served a similar purpose. The expedition helped further prove Darwin's theory of evolution. It also expanded the knowledge of several relationships between birds and reptiles and from other species.

Lab Safety Trainings

What I learned in the lab safety training will help me during this internship. The things explained in these videos teach me lab safety, explain risk groups, and over-exposure to chemicals.

1. There's a difference between exposure and infection. You can be exposed by inhaling an infectious agent but to get an infection it has to gain entry and create a colony in either an organ, tissues, or a cell.
2. A laboratory safety information card is posted at the entry to all labs and has information about the materials used in the lab.
3. Double gloving is recommended.
4. It's important to decontaminate wok surfaces routinely
5. Signs of chemical over-exposure include nausea, skin rashes, burning eyes, and headaches.

IF Intern Training

The trainings were very helpful in summarizing key components to keep in mind when working in a lab. I'd say that the Chemical Safety Training definitely put myself at ease if I'll be going into a lab that involves chemicals and what procedures are in place to minimize accidents.

5 Interesting Things that I learned from the trainings are:

- How useful fumes hoods are
- That PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment
- That chemicals are not organized by alphabet
- How closed toe shoes and long pants are mandatory
- How flammable chemicals have their own separate container

Weekly Training Homework 6/19

Weekly Homework: 6/19

This week I viewed three lab safety videos about chemistry and biology in preparation for my Internship and the botany lab. These training videos taught me about the safety concerns of the BSL2 lab as well as give insight into the proper safety precautions in the chem laboratory.


1. I learned about the 4 risk groups created by the NIH

2. The functions of a face shield

3. Containment Strategy and differences between containment equipment in the laboratories

4. How aerosols are released and the function of the special seals that can contain the aerosol in a laboratory

5. Finally, I learned that the use of sharps is more restricted as one works in Biosafety 2 Laboratories. I also learned that safe sharps can be used in substitution for regular sharps and how the blade on a safe sharp can be easily covered.

The videos helped me expand my knowledge about lab safety. It taught what type of reactions can occur when exposures to certain chemicals. It also taught me how to be safe in certain bio safety levels.
1. One interesting thing I learned is that when working with animals researchers where full face shields and surgical mask to avoid contamination.
2. I learned that double gloving is often recommend because sometimes containments can get through the gloves.
3. When certain chemicals spill different reactions occur some chemicals can be cleaned up by oneself, but others need special ways of cleanups like aerosols.
4. When aerosols spill, one must hold their breath and leave the room and get call the proper clean up people.
5. There are two different bio safety levels. There is bio safety level one, safety glasses and glasses and gloves. While in level two face shields, surgical gloves, and double gloving are required.

Summary of Chapter 3: The Education of O.C. Marsh

Othniel Charles Marsh was born a farm boy into a modest family located in Lockport, a city north of Buffalo, New York. During his childhood, Marsh's father Caleb could not support his family and was financially unstable. Mary, Marsh's mother, passed away when he was only three years old. He and his older sister joined a step family of six children while their father remarried. Marsh began college at the very late age of 24, his delay being caused by Caleb forcing him to work to feed all the mouths in their extended family. This was an unfortunate time for Othniel as his father was very unforgiving and would punish him for his mistakes. During these events excavations were being conducted to widen the Erie Canal. The heaped-up rock from the excavations contained minerals and other valuable fossils. Marsh was influenced by his neighbor Ezekiel Jewett, who taught him what the rocks might reveal. Due to dowry given to Mary Peabody, Marsh was able to receive over $1,000 passed down to him. He then went on to attend Phillips Academy located in Andover, Massachusetts. Marsh did not focus fully on his studies until his sister died in her twenties. The grief caused Marsh to then focus on his studies fully. He excelled in his classes and was able to achieve the rank of valedictorian as well as a captain of the football team.
One of Marsh's and the worlds the most influential figures during the nineteenth century was Othniel's uncle George. He was born into a poor family of eight children and supported his mother after his father died when he was sixteen. George eventually was able to erase his family's debt and went on to become a very wealthy trader. Historians are very flattering in the subject of George's lifetime. Both preachers and writers praised Peabody for his generosity. Others would comment upon his love life, referring to failed marriages and a supposed mistress who he kept in Brighton. He kept a good relationship with Marsh and his sister Mary.

Summary of Peabody Celebrates 150 Years in Style

 The Peabody Museum is currently celebrating its 150th anniversary year with the exhibit "Treasures of the Peabody: 150 Years of Exploration and Discovery." More than 150 people attended the event, which began at around 5:30 P.M. They were treated to jazz and a very well prepared section of food. David Skelly, the director of the Peabody, opened the events with an opening remark. He remarked that the exhibit was created to tell the history of the Peabody Museum.
Within the exhibit contains a extended timeline of the Museums history from its founding in 1701 to the present day. The exhibit also contains a very small portion of the Museum's collection. Though, only 0.04 percent of the collection itself can be shown during one period of time. Due to the advanced history of the Museum, Thomas Near claimed that it would be complicated to encapsulate the records. Near claims that the curators of the Peabody were successful in forming an informative exhibit that presents the artifacts in a dignified manner. Geology professor Bhart-Anjan Bhuller believed that the Peabody's vertebrate paleontologists were modern-world successors of O.C. Marsh. Bhuller believes in both technological and physical display of the museum's artifacts. With 3-D printing, Bhuller claims that genetic research could be displayed at the large-scale. David Skelly views the 150th celebration exhibit as an image to look into the future of the Peabody.


Free Response Questions

1. O.C. Marsh was enthusiastic Darwinian who had an interest in collecting fossils from the excavated rock from the Erie Canal. His neighbor Jewett had a profound influence on his interest in collecting different Native American material. His fossils and artifacts eventually led to the first collections being created inside of the Peabody.

2. The article and chapter 3 of the House of Lost Worlds both have very different styles of writing. While both writings revolve around the history of the Museum, Richard Conniff retells the history of O.C. Marsh and George Peabody with in depth information on their education and family. Cameron Hill's article describes the importance of the 150th anniversary of the Peabody.

3. Darwinian is defined as relating to the ideas or theories of naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin. In chapter 3 of House of Lost Worlds, we learn that O.C. Marsh was an "enthusiastic" Darwinian who followed his theories. By the use of his discoveries, Marsh attempted to confirm the truth of these theories.

IF Homework 6/12

Chapter:

The founder of the Peabody Museum, O.C. Marsh had a hard childhood. His father was fairly undependable and his mom died when March was 3. When his father remarried, Marsh had to move to north of Boston a few years later. When the generation of children expanded from him and his sister to the pair plus 4 more (6 child, fathered by Marsh’s dad), the eldest son Marsh was forced to work in the fields to support the family. However, instead of working to support the family, O.C. Marsh found himself escaping the farm, exploring minerals, fossil corals, trilobites, etc up close and receiving an education of rocks and landscapes from a neighbor, Colonel Ezekiel Jewett, a mineralogist and paleontologist. Thanks to his share of money from his uncle George Peabody and unfortunate death of his sister in her early twenties, O.C. Marsh took his studies, graduating Valedictorian of his class at Andover eventually became a huge part in finding the Peabody Museum.  

Article:

The article recalls the Peabody’s recent event to commemorate the museum’s 150 year existence and opening. Although originally a challenge, the curators found a way to create an informative and visually appealing exhibit to complement the event taking place. Although not conspicuous ever since the Peabody first opened its doors, the Museum has been known to own a 13-million piece collection, only which 0.04 percent of all specimens in the collections are actually out on display in the museum. With such as enormous collection, the Museum has been credited with gaining recognition as a world leader from the 1960s to today and has taken part in housing specimens that have helped solve of humanity’s greatest problems such as creating the theory of evolution. In this modern age, researchers use advanced scanning on specimens from the collections to create 3D models, displays, etc. The Museum hopes to open it’s doors for many more years to come, continuing to support current research and giving visitor’s authentic exhibits to visit. 

O.C. Marsh is an important part of the Peabody Museum History because it was his interest and enthusiasm for collecting minerals and rocks, fostered by his neighbor Jewett, that eventually gave him grounds to establishing the Peabody Museum. With the creation of the museum, Marsh is able to house his collections and make the dream he had a reality as well as later contributing greatly to the sciences with the specimens found in the collections.

The writing style of Coniff retelling Peabody History/Marsh’s story seems like a vintage photograph that you can jump in to. The details found in the book make you feel like you are next to Marsh and Peabody, growing up with them as they face their trials and tribulations and see how their greatness truly stemmed from small beginnings. The article’s writing style focuses more on what the museum has become today, reputation wise as in what specimens that they have in their collections, how the museum has contributed to the field of science, etc. 

Darwinian means to be a person who supports Darwinism, "the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.” This adds on to O.C. Marsh’s history because we know that he believed in the theory of evolution of natural selection. This can mean that Marsh’s age old love for collecting will become crucial evidence for supporting the theory and help researchers later on as they can find those specimens in the collections.